Correction and Retraction Policy

Should errors or ethical breaches be identified in published articles, the journal adheres to the following procedures:

1. Corrections (Erratum / Corrigendum): Issued for unintentional minor errors (e.g., typographical mistakes or formula misprints) that do not compromise the overarching scientific findings.

2. Retractions: Executed in instances of severe scientific misconduct, fraudulent data, or extensive plagiarism that invalidate the integrity of the findings, in strict accordance with the COPE Retraction Guidelines. Retracted articles will remain accessible with a prominent "RETRACTED" watermark alongside an official explanatory notice.